Importance Of Ecumenical Developments And Interfaith Dialogue Religion Essay

Importance Of Ecumenical Developments And Interfaith Dialogue Religion Essay The importance of ecumenical developments and interfaith dialogue in Australia is of significant meaning. Ecumenical development and interfaith dialogue impact religious multi-faith dialogue in Australia greatly. These dialogues have allowed other religions to communicate peacefully with one another and variants within Christianity to work together. The development of ecumenism in Australia is present through organizations such as the National Council of Churches Australia. In Australia the National Council of Churches is an ecumenical organization that brings together a number of Australias Christian Churches in dialogue and practical cooperation. The NCCA reflects ecumenical development as it promotes the importance of community coming together. This organisation joins with all Australians to convey their concern for the Australian communities. A very recent case of the NCCA showing their concern is for the people affected by the floods in Queensland. This organisation clearly demonstrates the importance of ecumenical development as it shows the unity of all Christian groups working towards peace. Another example promoting ecumenical development is the NSW Ecumenical Council. The council is made up of sixteen Christian churches through New South Whales and the Australian Capital Territory and follows three major beliefs. The NSW Ecumenical Council was established to be the instrument through which the churches seek to be faithful to their ecumenical calling and commitment. The council allows ecumenism to develop as it keeps the faith of Christ alive by following its major principles. The Ecumenical Council is a large part of the development as it encourages society to work together. The council helps organize and support a large range of gatherings and activities during the year to promote Christian unity and to help Christianity grow together as one. The Uniting Church is another example of ecumenical development as three churches came together and became one. It is a multicultural church, determined to treat people on an equal basis and to give a voice to the poor and the needy. The role of the church is to stand with the people, and to care for spiritual, social and educational growth. The Uniting Church is an example of ecumenical development as it helps all members of the multicultural community develop and help all with their problems. This is important as it helps the Christian community grow and teach people to treat others equally. All these organizations function to achieve the same outcome; to achieve the unity of Christianity. The councils and the church all work to serve the community. Without organizations practicing ecumenical development, Christianity will not be able to work together as one whole religious tradition. As well as ecumenical development in Australia, interfaith dialogue in Australia is of great importance. Interfaith dialogue is the interaction between different religions. Religious traditions all over Australia have come together and built relationships through interfaith dialogue organizations. This dialogue has brought together religions and helped one another communicate. Interfaith dialogue organisations seek unity and to promote harmonious living ways with all people regardless of their religion. The Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims, and Jews are an interfaith dialogue organization. Its purpose is to provide opportunity for the national bodies of each faith to come together to build understanding and harmony in the Australian context. This organization is of great importance for interfaith dialogue in Australia as it teaches all people to live in harmony together. The Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims, and Jews also aims to work together with the community and to teach others from different faiths and communities to work together in order to achieve their goals. Interfaith dialogue in Australia has been able to grow and become a very important part of Australian life through organisations. The Sikh Interfaith Council of Victoria is a non-profit organization, with an image to create greater awareness of Sikhs and Sikhism in the Australian community. The importance of this group in respect to interfaith dialogue also, is without it Sikhism would not have been able to build a network relationship with other religions. As a result of this organization interfaith in Australia between various religious traditions has been able to grow with one another. Living in harmony is not the only concern of the interfaith dialogue organisations. They are also concerned with the preservation and protection of the environment. Greenfaith Australia in Melbourne is an interfaith organisation that was established to bring together people from different faiths in responding to environmental issues. The actions of this group for interfaith dialogue are of great importance in Australia, as they are saving the world for our future generations to grow up in a healthy environment. Overall Ecumenical development and interfaith dialogue in Australia is of great importance. Without these, various religious traditions would not be able to communicate and work together in Australia. These issues have been taken seriously and organizations have been developed in order to make sure that all religions grow together in order to live in a better world and justice is received by all.

The Evil Side of The Internet Essay -- Technology Internet Essays

The Evil Side of The Internet In my present employment at the moment, the usage of the Internet is not that important. The only times that I use the Internet is when I have to do a search for a research paper for school or in need of directions to a new location. I have always found the Internet to be a positive tool that helps with the spread of information in order to educate a large population. It is cheap and easily accessable by All. The internet was and is a new invention compared to the wheel and fire that has changed the way we view the world and has brought convenience to our finger tips. Information from across the world can be inter-changed within seconds that can help in the field of politics,medicine and personal relationships. However, there is a darker side to the internet. This side is one that I would like to focus on in my paper. This negative side of the internet is one that is being abused by regular folks everytime they copy articles and pictures and never give credit to the publisher or thei r actual authors. The dirty evil side of the internet has become a magnet for pedophiles and hate crime activists. The problem is that due to freedom of speech there is not much control that I know about in regards to items being posted on the internet. This device is so easily usable that even kids in middle and high school are posting web sites and chat lines in order to say what ever they like and send information to all corners of the world in a second, practically for free. There are some issues that have always concerned me in regards to the legal censorships over the internet that I would like to explore in my paper. The reason for my curiosity began a few weeks ago when my 8 year old cousin was playing on... ...t you can install which will block out certain sites and keywords. Those recommended by Newsweek Magazine were: Cyber Patrol, Net Nanny and Cybersitter. It is important to understand that Internet crimes should be dealt with just like real-world crimes. If you believe that your child or other children are being exploited or know of someone who is using child pornography in any way, notify the Police, the FBI or the local Customs Service Office. Many times there might even be an award awaiting you. Works Cited Nordland,Rod.,Bartholet,Jeffrey. "The Darkest Corner of the Internet." Newsweek. March 19,2001. 44-51 http://www.cyber-rights.org/reports/ http://www.ci.keene.nh.us./police/task_force.htm http://www.eff.org/pub/Groups/BCFE/limit2.html http://www.condemned.org/ http://missingkids.com/cybertip/ http://www.boylink.net/personal.html The Evil Side of The Internet Essay -- Technology Internet Essays The Evil Side of The Internet In my present employment at the moment, the usage of the Internet is not that important. The only times that I use the Internet is when I have to do a search for a research paper for school or in need of directions to a new location. I have always found the Internet to be a positive tool that helps with the spread of information in order to educate a large population. It is cheap and easily accessable by All. The internet was and is a new invention compared to the wheel and fire that has changed the way we view the world and has brought convenience to our finger tips. Information from across the world can be inter-changed within seconds that can help in the field of politics,medicine and personal relationships. However, there is a darker side to the internet. This side is one that I would like to focus on in my paper. This negative side of the internet is one that is being abused by regular folks everytime they copy articles and pictures and never give credit to the publisher or thei r actual authors. The dirty evil side of the internet has become a magnet for pedophiles and hate crime activists. The problem is that due to freedom of speech there is not much control that I know about in regards to items being posted on the internet. This device is so easily usable that even kids in middle and high school are posting web sites and chat lines in order to say what ever they like and send information to all corners of the world in a second, practically for free. There are some issues that have always concerned me in regards to the legal censorships over the internet that I would like to explore in my paper. The reason for my curiosity began a few weeks ago when my 8 year old cousin was playing on... ...t you can install which will block out certain sites and keywords. Those recommended by Newsweek Magazine were: Cyber Patrol, Net Nanny and Cybersitter. It is important to understand that Internet crimes should be dealt with just like real-world crimes. If you believe that your child or other children are being exploited or know of someone who is using child pornography in any way, notify the Police, the FBI or the local Customs Service Office. Many times there might even be an award awaiting you. Works Cited Nordland,Rod.,Bartholet,Jeffrey. "The Darkest Corner of the Internet." Newsweek. March 19,2001. 44-51 http://www.cyber-rights.org/reports/ http://www.ci.keene.nh.us./police/task_force.htm http://www.eff.org/pub/Groups/BCFE/limit2.html http://www.condemned.org/ http://missingkids.com/cybertip/ http://www.boylink.net/personal.html

Anne Bradstreet – 3

Masab Mansoor 10/8/12 English III 5H Ms. Sanchez Anne Bradstreet: Uncustomary and Unique A seventeenth century poetic writer, Anne Bradstreet is a very important figure in American Literature history. Born in 1612 in England, she came to America as part of a fleet of Puritan emigrants in 1630. Bradstreet is considered by many to be the first American poet. Her writing style is typical of Puritan writing in some cases, and in other cases it is atypical of Puritan writing. Being a Puritan woman, Anne Bradstreet incorporated many ideas like religion into her writings, as religion was a fundamental, pivotal focus of Puritan society and life.In her poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband,† Bradstreet wrote, â€Å"The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray† (10). In this line Bradstreet is talking about praying to the Lord and heavens about rewarding her loving husband. This poem is more romantic than typical Puritan writing. This line is an example how Bradstreet included Pur itan concepts like religion and worship even into her more personal, romantic poetic writings. In Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"Upton the Burning of Our House, July 10th 1666,† Bradstreet in multiple instances wrote in a typical Puritan style, one with a focus on religion and the Lord.In lines 8-9 of the poem, Bradstreet wrote, â€Å"And to my God my heart did cry to strengthen me in my distress. † In this line, Bradstreet said that when her house burned down, her heart cried to God to give her strength in the tough time she was going to. Bradstreet showed how she believed in God as the one who provides strength in time of need. Also, in the same poem, Bradstreet wrote, â€Å"Thou hast an house on high erect framed by that mighty Architect† (43-44). God is the Architect that Bradstreet wrote about in these lines, and the Kingdom of Heaven is the â€Å"house on high erect†.Bradstreet showed that her focus was not on her burned house, but rather the house that God has for her in His glorious Kingdom. While Bradstreet does have many cases where she wrote in a typical Puritan style, she also wrote in a style atypical to regular Puritan writing. For example, in Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband,† she wrote, â€Å"If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee† (1-2). In these lines, Bradstreet expressed her love for her husband quite explicitly and openly, which was not the typical Puritan writing style.Puritan women did not express their views and opinions publicly as it was frowned upon, especially one of such romantic content. Lines 4-5 of the same poem further show Bradstreet’s poetic romanticism when she challenged other women, saying â€Å"Compare with me, ye women, if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold. † This open provocation in which Bradstreet challenged and dared women to compare her love for her husband to their love for their husbands was quite atypical of normal Puritan writing.Not only did Bradstreet voice her romantic views, she challenged others to compare their love to hers. This romanticism that Bradstreet constantly included in the content of this poem showed that in some cases, she displayed a writing style atypical to normal Puritan writing. Bradstreet implemented a unique writing style in her poetry, one that included aspects of typical Puritan writing, like the focus on religion, as well as aspects that were not typical of Puritan writing, including her romanticism.Both poems, â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† and â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th 1666† show how Bradstreet very interestingly mixed her two styles to give a distinct feel to her poetry; the juxtaposition between the typical Puritan style and the atypical romantic style brought a unique style to her writing. Her distinctive writing is what makes her one of the most important figures in the h istory of American Literature.

Koran Burning in NATO Error Incites Afghans

Koran Burning in NATO Error Incites Afghans Understanding human society requires critical analysis of cognitive values attached to practices, beliefs, and social dynamics which control and align a society towards astute of simultaneously interacting functions at macro and micro levels. State of anarchy might bring threat to this peaceful coexistence as a result of interference from an external force. Thus, the key conceptual idea of this reflective treatise is an in-depth and explicit review of the article â€Å"Koran Burning in NATO Error Incites Afghans† which was published in the New York Times on 21st February, 2012 by Sangar Rahimi and Alissa Rubin. Besides, the treatise resonates on sociological imagination in order to understand relationship between behavior and society. In addition, the paper identifies the sociological perspectives of conflict theory, Functionalism, and Interactionism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Koran Burning in NATO Error Incites Afghans specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article â€Å"Koran Burning in NATO Error Incites Afghans†, discusses the escalating tension in Afghanistan. This is due to accusation circulating in the corners and homes of Afghan Muslims that some American soldiers in the NATO base are burning the holy Koran in what they perceive as malice and religious antagonism. Despite spirited initiations to restore order, General Allen and other NATO officials’ apology are rejected and tension is escalating characterized by verbal onslaught and bitter utterances. This article appears on page 9 of the news paper. Sociological Imagination is the intrinsic ability to surpass common view and analyze situation as they occur in the background of informed theoretical conceptualization. This concept views the society as a platform where conflicting and friendly occurrences interact to influence behavioral inclination, norm organization, and conflicts as a result of cut link between order and anarchy. As a matter of fact, this concept liberates an individual to draw an informed understanding of the past through reflection of current events. Through sociological imagination, it is easy to understand behavior change and identify forces: positive or negative, that facilitate the angle of inclination towards the preset norm and values at individual and societal magnitude. As a matter of fact, understanding sociological imagination calls for knowledge of present and past events such as war, disaster, social injustices, and religious inclinations that help to change history of a society. In the process, at micro level, perception of an individual is likely to adopt a reactive response exhibited in line of behavior. In the article, religion and sense of pride towards an affiliation is a serious issue at stake in the views of the Muslims in Afghanistan. Muslims view the attempt to burn Koran books as mastermind move created to undermine the norms and principles holdin g their society together from western decay. In every society of the world, religion or belief in existence of a super natural power unites followers in common belief.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In particular, the Koran is a strong ideological tool viewed by Muslims as perfect and represents the desires of God in their lives. Interference with the Koran could mean breaking down bonds and affiliations uniting the institution of marriage, family, class, social inclination, and religion at micro and macro level. In response to a threat on beliefs, they come out in numbers to express dissatisfaction and restore order through protests. Since the issue at hand is sensitive, they are ready to adopt every means possible to assert a shared stand. The article discussed religious intolerance and forces interacting to undermine beliefs between warring societies. Basic ally, the concept of functionalism resonates on the facet of describing components of a society as functioning in a nuclear unit called organic analogy. These parts are related to each other as independent but existing in a single unit. At macro level, these organs include the family unit, religion, economy, and kinship organized as institutions that run on norms and agglutination of principles on the circumference of common belief. On the other hand, conflict theory resonates on the periphery of viewing civilization as contributed by the struggle for authority within groups interacting in the society for scarce opportunities and resources. Under this school of thought, class relationship plays critical role in the outcome of the struggle. Often, it is the ruling class that carries the day as they form a narrow edge in the hierarchy of needs triangle. Factually, the ruling class are elites who are more influential that the mass and run key aspects of societal institutions from relig ion, family, and economy. The main cause of conflict is the need for dominance over an ideology, religious inclination, or behavior. On the other hand, interactionism dwells on interactive issues at individual level or micro level. This concept studies behavior of an individual existing in a larger society and response the individual exhibit towards norms and institutions that monitor order. Reflectively, this school of thought study detailed individual interaction to one another and level of response to each stimuli. For instance, how would an individual behave when faced with a situation of high magnitude that affects daily life?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Koran Burning in NATO Error Incites Afghans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In line with the beliefs in functionalism, religion has pivotal influence on the way of life in the Muslim society. As a matter fact, marriage, family, economy, and kinship are con trolled by norms and principles entrenched in the Koran. Therefore, burning the Koran would seriously jeopardize these units and disintegrate them into pieces hanging loosely. Since religion is a unit among other, interference with the same is likely to destabilize the organic analogy. As an aspect of conflict theory, the need for dominance and control has necessitated the form of response adopted by Muslims. Conflict theory dictates dominance and intrinsic value creation within set guidelines. Therefore, competition for religious dominance and influence over an ideology is the key issue that triggered the violent response in order to restore dominance. Interactionism determines the form of response an individual may exhibit in an event. In this circumstance, the article identifies the event as religious intolerance fabricated via burning of what an individual perceives at the foundation and principle controlling his behavior and belief. In an interactive response, at micro level, a Muslim views this onslaught as a move aimed at undermining his survival and comfort. Therefore, the individual unite with others who share same ideology to participate in violent protests aimed at restoring peace and tranquility. As described in the article, the response in characterized by pelting of stones and burning American flag to show dissatisfaction. Conclusively, functionalism may offer the most convincing reason for response to burning of the holy Koran. In the Islamic society, religion is the foundation to family, kinship, economic, and social units existing within a single unit called the community. Generally, functionalism determines the organization strength of a society and dictates level of response to threat on the same.

Corneal Transplantation Essays

Corneal Transplantation Essays Corneal Transplantation Paper Corneal Transplantation Paper Corneal Transplantation Abstract This paper seeks to provide a brief overview of Corneal Transplantation inclusive of presentation, causation, treatment, recovery, complications, advances, etc.   In doing this, we will   define the cornea, its function, some diseases and disorders affecting the cornea, what corneal transplantation is used for, and type of problems that can develop from a corneal transplant.   Then we will discuss the follow-up and risks/complications of this type of surgery. Finally we will discuss when to call a professional after corneal transplantation; in conclusion we will look at the advances. There will be at least three types of sources used during the course of this discussion. Most of these sources will be essays and articles written by medical specialists and researchers. Introduction Corneal transplantation also referred to as corneal grafting or penetrating keratoplasty is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by donated corneal tissue which has been removed from a recently deceased individual having no known diseases which might affect the viability of the donated tissue. The cornea is the eyes outermost layer. It is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. The surgical procedure is performed by ophthalmologists, these are medical doctors who specialize in eyes, and are often done on an outpatient basis, meaning that the patient goes home following surgery. The need for Corneal Transplantation/Causation Corneal transplants are used to treat persistent corneal infections, diseases that cloud the cornea (corneal dystrophies), traumatic corneal injuries and corneal scars that cannot be corrected by other therapies. Some examples include: Bullous keratopathy, this is a progressive swelling and blistering of the cornea; Keratoconus, an eye disorder in which the middle of the cornea thins and eventually bulges outward; severe corneal ulcers caused by bacterial, fungal, parasitic or viral eye infections; severe traumatic injuries that pierce or cut the cornea; chemical burns of the eye; Corneal scars; Fuchs’s endothelial dystrophy, a progressive eye disease that causes swelling, cloudiness and blistering of the cornea; failure or rejection of a previous corneal transplant. Preparation for the Procedure It should be noted that in the event that the patient has any uncontrolled eye problems that might threaten the success of the surgery, the doctor will first treat them before surgery. There will also be a need for a basic medical evaluation to confirm that the patient is healthy enough to have the transplant procedure. The patient will be given instructions about when to stop eating and drinking before surgery. An antibiotic eye drops to be used before the surgery may be prescribed by the doctor. Also as part of the preparation for surgery, the doctor will need to know about any medications the patient is taking, including over-the-counter medications and natural or herbal remedies. The patient might have to discontinue or decrease certain drugs before surgery. This is because some medicines can increase the risk of bleeding or other surgical complications.   The local eye bank is expected to process and evaluate the donor cornea; this is done to confirm that the donor cornea is free of dangerous viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis. The donor cornea also must be transparent and structurally sound. The Corneal Transplantation Procedure The surgeon will make every attempt to confirm retinal and optic nerve function prior to surgery, so as to avoid cases in which visual improvement is unlikely. The majority of adult patients may be operated on under local anesthesia. General anesthesia will likely be required for children, anxious, or uncooperative patients. After the anesthetic is given, the surgeon usually sews a ring to the ocular surface to support the eye. The donor cornea is prepared using a punch or corneal trephine to create the corneal â€Å"button.† The corneal button will become the transplanted cornea. The diseased, or scarred, cornea is then removed using a corneal trephine, creating a â€Å"bed† for the transplant cornea. Finally, the donor cornea is gently sewn into place with ultra-fine sutures which is approximately one-third the thickness of human hair, or less. Corneal transplantation may be combined with other procedures, particularly cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. Follow-Up/Recovery After the transplant surgery, the patient must be careful not to touch or press the eye. However, any discomfort can be relieved with over-the-counter pain pills. Usually, the first follow-up visit will be scheduled for the day after surgery, during which the doctor will remove the eye patch and check the new cornea. Special steroid eye drops to help prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted tissue will be prescribed by the doctor. At the end of this visit, the doctor will either leave the eye patch off or ask that the patient wear it a little while longer. The eye patch will remain in place for one to four days after surgery.   The surgeon will likely begin to remove some sutures from the cornea within a few weeks to a few months after surgery. However, all of the sutures need not be removed. In general, sutures are removed to help alleviate astigmatism once the cornea begins to show signs of being securely healed into place. Risks/Complications The most common complication of corneal transplantation is rejection of the new cornea. This is called graft rejection where the bodys immune system identifies the donor cornea as a foreign tissue and begins to attack it. In most cases, it can be treated successfully with medication. Although most corneal transplants are successful, the risks of the transplant procedure include bleeding, infection, broken sutures and anesthetic side effects from anesthesia. In addition, since transplantation opens the front of the eye, there is some danger that eye fluid may start to leak out of the eye after surgery. There is also a risk that fluid pressure inside the eye will become abnormally high or low, or that the retina may detach that is, separate from the back of the eye. All of these problems are rare. Overall, more than 90% of corneal transplants are successful. Most people find that their vision improves significantly following a corneal transplant, although many people have a degree of a stigmatism, an uneven contour of the cornea that can cause some vision problems such as blurriness. After a transplant, vision improves gradually over a period of months. When to call a Professional It is advisable to that a doctor should be called immediately if the patient develops any of the following symptoms after a corneal transplant: pain or increased discomfort in the eye that received the transplant, increased redness of the eye, unusual sensitivity to light, decreased vision and flashing lights or floaters (semitransparent floating shapes) in your field of vision. Conclusion It is note worthy that the chances of success of this operation have risen dramatically because of technological advances, such as less irritating sutures, or threads, which are often finer than a human hair; and the surgical microscope. Corneal transplantation has restored sight to many, who a generation ago would have been blinded permanently by corneal injury, infection, or inherited corneal disease or degeneration. References Albert, Daniel M., Frederick A. Jakobiec (2000). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd Edition. Braunweld, Eugene, Anthony Fauci, Dennis Kasper, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Jameson, Harrisons(Feb., 2001). Principles of Internal Medicine. Aetna Intelihealth site: intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/24479/32200.html

Comparing and Contrasting Sky News with American Media Outlets Essay

Comparing and Contrasting Sky News with American Media Outlets - Essay Example Although these two media houses main objective is delivering news in various platforms to the world, they also have a number of differences for instance whereas Sky News normally focuses on European news, most of CBS news usually revolves around the US. Apart from analyzing the two media houses, the essay will relay more information on Sky news and CBS in terms of story coverage and whether biasness exists in story among the media houses in terms of coverage and advertisements. Media houses usually play a very important role in any nation. It is because the media that a nation is able to easily govern its citizens. It would have been such a difficult especially for a government if media houses did not exist. This means that if the government would undergo a lot of trouble in trying to pass messages to its citizens. Apart from easing communication between the government and its citizens, media houses also play a huge role in promotion of markets and organizations. For instance, through media houses, a nation can be able to advertise various aspects such as tourism and business opportunities and this normally results to increase of the economy due to rise in the number of people visiting the nation for business or tourism as advertised. The fact that there are a large number of media houses globally is enough proof that there is a lot of competition for supremacy. Therefore, for any media house to stand out among the rest it is important that it delivers the right information, at the right time and to the right group of people. This is because high demographics normally enables a media house dominate in the field hence increasing the rate of investment, which is caused by numerous advertisements from various company who approach the media house to advertise their products or businesses. In the US, CBS is one of the biggest media house and because of this it receives many business opportunities that come ion form of advertisement

Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) Research Paper

Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) - Research Paper Example ddition ‘by proxy’ means ‘through a substitute’ denoting that it is a parent/ adult/ guardian caretaker who is inflicting symptoms in a child and not on themselves. It is a form of child abuse, and a mental disorder that warrants speedy treatment due to its deadliness. Research indicates a 6-10% mortality rate amongst MSbp victims, thus making it perhaps the most lethal form of abuse (Eminson & Postlethwaite, 2000). Munchausen by proxy differs from the Munchausen syndrome in that whereas in Munchausen by proxy, symptoms are deliberately induced in another separate individual, Munchausen syndrome on the other hand occurs when one pretends to be sick or injured on purpose. They hurt themselves, make up symptoms, push for risky operations or try to rig laboratory reports in order to gain attention. In Munchausen by proxy, the caretaker can deliberately harm the child for example by poisoning, medication, falsifying fever, withholding food, suffocation, infections, physical injury, manipulating laboratory results to indicate serious illness in order to gain attention of the medical practitioners and perpetuate a medical relationship. It is not done to achieve a concrete benefit such as financial gain. Munchausen syndromes belong to a group of conditions called factitious disorders, of which they are the most severe and chronic. Factitious disorders are either made up in another person or inflicted on self and can either be psychological or physical (Schreier & Libow, 1993). In approximately 85% of all cases of MSbp, the mother is often the culprit responsible for inflicting the illness or symptoms. However, it also possible but rare to have cases of MSbp induced by non-relatives for instance, medical professionals for a hospitalized patient, for other reasons. Most of the cases involve pre-scholars with a roughly equal number of girl and boy victims though there have been reports of Munchausen by proxy victims in children up to 16 years old. Experts believe